Radio waves are divided into different frequency bands, each with specific applications based on how they interact with the environment. The radio spectrum ranges from very low frequency (VLF) waves to extremely high frequency (EHF) waves, with each band serving different purposes in communication, broadcasting, and navigation.

Very Low Frequency (VLF) (3–30 kHz) – Used primarily for submarine communication and time signals. These long waves can penetrate deep into water, making them ideal for military and maritime communication.

Low Frequency (LF) (30–300 kHz) – Used for aeronautical navigation, radio beacons, and long-distance communications. These waves can travel long distances by following the Earth's curvature.

Medium Frequency (MF) (300 kHz–3 MHz) – Includes AM radio (530–1700 kHz), maritime communication, and emergency broadcasts. AM radio stations operate in this band due to the ability of MF waves to reflect off the ionosphere at night, increasing their range.

High Frequency (HF) (3–30 MHz) – Commonly known as shortwave radio, used for global broadcasts, aviation, military, and ham radio. HF signals bounce off the ionosphere, allowing long-range communication.

Very High Frequency (VHF) (30–300 MHz) – Includes FM radio (88–108 MHz), television broadcasts, and aircraft communication. VHF waves travel in straight lines and are ideal for local or regional broadcasting.

Ultra High Frequency (UHF) (300 MHz–3 GHz) – Used for TV broadcasts, mobile phones, satellite communication, and Wi-Fi. UHF signals penetrate buildings better but have a shorter range.

Super High Frequency (SHF) (3–30 GHz) and Extremely High Frequency (EHF) (30–300 GHz) – Used for satellite communication, radar, and high-speed data transmission. These waves are highly directional and used in modern telecommunications, including 5G networks.

Understanding radio frequency bands helps in optimizing signal transmission, improving reception, and ensuring efficient use of the electromagnetic spectrum across various industries.